[43]
Polascik TJ, Mayes JM, Sun L, Madden JF, Moul JW, Mouraviev V. Pathologic stage T2a and T2b prostate cancer in the recent pros- tate-specific antigen era: implications for unilateral ablative ther- apy. Prostate 2008;68:1380–6.
[44]
Eggener SE, Scardino PT, Carroll PR, et al. Focal therapy for local- ized prostate cancer: a critical appraisal of rationale and modali- ties. J Urol 2007;178:2260–7.[45]
Klotz L, Emberton M. Management of low risk prostate cancer: active surveillance and focal therapy. Curr Opin Urol 2014;24:270–9.[46]
Feijoo ERC, Sivaraman A, Barret E, et al. Focal high-intensity focused ultrasound targeted hemiablation for unilateral prostate cancer: a prospective evaluation of oncologic and functional out- comes. Eur Urol 2016;69:214–20.[47]
Ahmed HU, Hindley RG, Dickinson L, et al. Focal therapy for localised unifocal and multifocal prostate cancer: a prospective development study. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:622–32.[48]
Bahn D, de Castro Abreu AL, Gill IS, et al. Focal cryotherapy for clinically unilateral, low-intermediate risk prostate cancer in 73 men with a median follow-up of 3.7 years. Eur Urol 2012;62:55–63.[49]
Durand M, Barret E, Galiano M, et al. Focal cryoablation: a treat- ment option for unilateral low-risk prostate cancer. BJU Int 2014;113:56–64.
[50]
Hale Z, Miyake M, Palacios DA, Rosser CJ. Focal cryosurgical ablation of the prostate: a single institute’s perspective. BMC Urol 2013;13:2.[51]
Ward JF, Jones JS. Focal cryotherapy for localized prostate cancer: a report from the national Cryo On-Line Database (COLD) Registry. BJU Int 2012;109:1648–54.[52]
Donnelly BJ, Saliken JC, Brasher PMA, et al. A randomized trial of external beam radiotherapy versus cryoablation in patients with localized prostate cancer. Cancer 2010;116:323–30.[53]
Robinson JW, Donnelly BJ, Siever JE, et al. A randomized trial of external beam radiotherapy versus cryoablation in patients with localized prostate cancer: quality of life outcomes. Cancer 2009;115:4695–704.[54]
Ramsay CR, Adewuyi TE, Gray J, et al. Ablative therapy for people with localised prostate cancer: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2015;19:1–490.[55]
Dong F, Kattan MW, Steyerberg EW, et al. Validation of pretreat- ment nomograms for predicting indolent prostate cancer: efficacy in contemporary urological practice. J Urol 2008;180:150–4, dis- cussion 154.[56]
Tosoian JJ, Loeb S, Feng Z, et al. Association of [–2]proPSA with biopsy reclassification during active surveillance for prostate cancer. J Urol 2012;188:1131–6.
[57]
Guazzoni G, Nava L, Lazzeri M, et al. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) isoform p2PSA significantly improves the prediction of prostate cancer at initial extended prostate biopsies in patients with total PSA between 2.0 and 10 ng/ml: results of a prospective study in a clinical setting. Eur Urol 2011;60:214–22.[58]
Sokoll LJ, Sanda MG, Feng Z, et al. A prospective, multicenter, National Cancer Institute Early Detection Research Network study of [–2]proPSA: improving prostate cancer detection and correlat- ing with cancer aggressiveness. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19:1193–200.[59]
Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Sanda MG, et al. A multicenter study of [– 2]pro-prostate specific antigen combined with prostate specific antigen and free prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer detection in the 2.0 to 10.0 ng/ml prostate specific antigen range. J Urol 2011;185:1650–5.[60]
van den Bergh RCN, Ahmed HU, Bangma CH, Cooperberg MR, Villers A, Parker CC. Novel tools to improve patient selection and monitoring on active surveillance for low-risk prostate can- cer: a systematic review. Eur Urol 2014;65:1023–31.[61] Lin DW, Newcomb LF, Brown MD, et al. Evaluating the four
kallikrein panel of the 4kscore for prediction of high-grade pros-
tate cancer in men in the canary prostate active surveillance study.
Eur Urol. In press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.11.017.
[62]
Bussemakers MJ, van Bokhoven A, Verhaegh GW, Smit FP, Karthaus HF, Schalken JA, et al. DD3: a new prostate-specific gene, highly overexpressed in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1999;59:5975–9.
[63]
Nakanishi H, Groskopf J, Fritsche HA, et al. PCA3 molecular urine assay correlates with prostate cancer tumor volume: implication in selecting candidates for active surveillance. J Urol 2008;179:1804–9.
[64]
Luo Y, Gou X, Huang P, Mou C. The PCA3 test for guiding repeat biopsy of prostate cancer and its cut-off score: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl 2014;16:487–92.[65]
Hansen J, Auprich M, Ahyai SA, et al. Initial prostate biopsy: development and internal validation of a biopsy-specific nomo- gram based on the prostate cancer antigen 3 assay. Eur Urol 2013;63:201–9.[66]
Tomlins SA, Day JR, Lonigro RJ, et al. Urine TMPRSS2:ERG plus PCA3 for individualized prostate cancer risk assessment. Eur Urol 2016;70:45–53.[67]
Lin DW, Newcomb LF, Brown EC, et al. Urinary TMPRSS2:ERG and PCA3 in an active surveillance cohort: results from a baseline analysis in the Canary Prostate Active Surveillance Study. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19:2442–50.[68]
Rubio J, Ramos D, Lo´ pez-Guerrero JA, et al. Immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 antigen, cox-2 and Bax/Bcl-2 in prostate cancer; prognostic value in biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens. Eur Urol 2005;48:745–51.
[69]
Jhavar S, Bartlett J, Kovacs G, et al. Biopsy tissue microarray study of Ki-67 expression in untreated, localized prostate cancer man- aged by active surveillance. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2009;12:143–7.[70]
Fisher G, Yang ZH, Kudahetti S, et al. Prognostic value of Ki-67 for prostate cancer death in a conservatively managed cohort. Br J Cancer 2013;108:271–7.
[71]
McCall P, Witton CJ, Grimsley S, Nielsen KV, Edwards J. Is PTEN loss associated with clinical outcome measures in human prostate cancer? Br J Cancer 2008;99:1296–301.[72]
Murphy SJ, Karnes RJ, Kosari F, et al. Integrated analysis of the genomic instability of PTEN in clinically insignificant and signifi- cant prostate cancer. Mod Pathol 2016;29:143–56.[73]
Mithal P, Allott E, Gerber L, et al. PTEN loss in biopsy tissue predicts poor clinical outcomes in prostate cancer. Int J Urol 2014;21:1209–14.[74]
Lotan TL, Carvalho FLF, Peskoe SB, et al. PTEN loss is associated with upgrading of prostate cancer from biopsy to radical prosta- tectomy. Mod Pathol 2015;28:128–37.
[75]
Moschini M, SpahnM, Mattei A, Cheville J, Karnes RJ. Incorporation of tissue-based genomic biomarkers into localized prostate cancer clinics. BMC Med 2016;14:67.[76]
Knezevic D, Goddard AD, Natraj N, et al. Analytical validation of the Oncotype DX prostate cancer assay—a clinical RT-PCR assay optimized for prostate needle biopsies. BMC Genomics 2013;14:690.[77]
Cullen J, Rosner IL, Brand TC, et al. A biopsy-based 17-gene Genomic Prostate Score predicts recurrence after radical prosta- tectomy and adverse surgical pathology in a racially diverse population of men with clinically low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2015;68:123–31.E U R O P E A N U R O L O G Y 7 2 ( 2 0 1 7 ) 2 3 8 – 2 4 9
248




